Are Dogs Self-Aware? How to Test Awareness · Kinship

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Is My Dog Self-Aware? How to Measure Their Levels of Awareness

They notice more than you think.

by Dr. Bartley Harrison, DVM
December 21, 2024
Funny dog staring at himself in the mirror.
charlie bonallack / Alamy Stock Photo

In This Article:

Are Dogs Self Aware? How Do Dogs Recognize Their Owners? How to Test Awareness?

At some point, most of us wonder what’s going on in our dogs’ heads. Whether triggered by displays of surprising intelligence or boneheadedness, questions about dogs’ perception of themselves and the world around them have intrigued pet parents, behaviorists, psychologists, and philosophers. We often seek to understand if dogs experience life in the same way we do, but it is only recently that testing of dogs’ awareness has acknowledged that they interact with the world in their own way.

Main takeaways

  • Dogs show many forms of self-awareness under numerous testing conditions.

  • Dogs form significant attachment bonds with their parents. These bonds lead to displays of empathetic behavior.

  • Although dogs haven’t passed the mirror self-recognition test, this test may be a flawed way of assessing if dogs are self-aware.

  • Dogs are aware of their own scent and understand when it has been altered.

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Are dogs self-aware?

For many years, researchers assumed that dogs were not self-aware because they didn’t seem to recognize their image in the mirror as their own. More recent research has shown that dogs are more aware of themselves than previously thought.

Self-awareness has many manifestations. Some of the more philosophical ones can’t easily be tested. In humans, part of self-awareness involves considering our behavior and evaluating if we are upholding our standards and values. This seems like a lot for a dog, so the dog version of this might be: does a dog worry if they’re a good dog? That idea is very hard to test.

Another version of self-awareness is self-recognition. Do dogs maintain a mental representation of their body and the space it occupies? That may be a bit easier to find out.

Body awareness

Tests have consistently shown that dogs are aware of the physical space they occupy. This means both that they recognize the size of their body and that they realize that their body affects the world around them.

Across numerous tests, dogs consistently show that they are aware of whether they can fit through an opening and will take a longer path to a reward if they feel they can’t fit. This type of body awareness is a key component of self-recognition and shows that dogs can likely form an image of themselves in their mind.

Another test wanted to find out if dogs realized that their body could be an obstacle. Dogs were trained to bring an object to their parents on command. This object was then either attached to a mat that the dog would stand on while picking the object up or to the solid ground beneath the mat. Dogs showed awareness that their body was preventing them from retrieving the object when it was attached to the mat and moved so that they weren’t standing on the mat. This movement occurred less frequently when the object was attached to the ground. This shows that dogs are aware of how their body impacts things around them.

Scent awareness

Dogs seem to be aware that a certain smell belongs to them and generally show less interest in exploring their own scent. This makes sense when you consider that dogs use scent information to mark territory. Dogs recognize their own scent markings and don’t pay much attention to them, instead focusing on foreign scents that can tell them about who else has been in their area.

Capability awareness

Dogs do seem to have some awareness of their physical capabilities. They may sometimes test these boundaries and fail, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that they don’t consider them. Most pet parents have seen a demonstration of this: given time to think about it, dogs will consider if they can make a jump before attempting it.

Awareness of reflection

Do dogs know their reflection? Classic research says they do not, but it’s possible the testing methodology is flawed (more on this later). Despite not seeming to acknowledge that they are the dog in the mirror, dogs are aware of how reflections in mirrors work. Dogs have used mirrors to monitor where an object is hidden, then found the object more quickly than dogs that were not able to watch where it was placed.

Awareness of others

Dogs are inherently social animals and have a distinct awareness of other dogs, animals, and people. They show the ability to react to both human and animal social cues, and they can learn behaviors and actions from their parents and playmates.

Do dogs understand pet-parent relationships?

Sometimes it can feel like your dog just uses you as a food delivery service, and it wouldn’t matter what human was around as long as they fill the bowl up on time. Despite our occasional misgivings about their behavior, dogs do seem to form an emotional attachment to the people most familiar to them.

Attachment bonds

Dogs form significant attachment to their parents, showing changes in behavior during separation, participating in greeting rituals during reunions, and seeking the presence of a familiar person during times of stress. The attachment styles seen between a dog and their favorite person mirror those between a young child and their parent.

Emotional recognition

Dogs are able to pick up on people’s emotional states. In tests, dogs can recognize sounds of crying and distress from humans they are separated from and show more urgency in reaching them when they seem upset. In addition, dogs show more empathy for people in distress if they are familiar with them. This means your dog actually does care more about you than a stranger.

Social structures

Social hierarchy is important to dogs, and they recognize the importance of social structures in relation to both other dogs and people. Dogs take cues from familiar humans and watch them for instructions. They can complete tasks after someone shows them how to do them and will even imitate the way a task is accomplished, even if it is done in a purposefully inefficient way. This type of imitation is seen in closely bonded people, but not in many other animal species like great apes.

Separation anxiety

Some dogs get unreasonably anxious when separated from people they are closely bonded to. Separation anxiety can lead to increasing stress, self-harm, and destructive behavior. Separation anxiety is a complex topic, but dogs seem to do best when they are confident their parents will return and can rely on them to behave predictably.

How to test a dog’s awareness: The mirror test

The mirror self-recognition (MSR) test was developed in the 1970s to determine if animals realized that the reflection in the mirror was their own. In the most common version of the test, a mark is placed on a body part while the animal is unaware. The animal is then observed to see if they touch the area more before and after a mirror is introduced to their enclosure. While some species like the great apes, dolphins, and orcas have passed the test, most other species fail to show that they recognize that they see themselves in the mirror.

So, why don’t dogs recognize themselves in the mirror? After all, it seems obvious to many pet parents that their dogs are aware that the dog in the reflection is not another dog (otherwise we’d have a lot of broken mirrors around). It’s possible that the mirror test is too human-centric. People generally rely on vision as our primary way of exploring and guiding our interactions with the environment. Dogs prioritize scent over vision, so a mirror test using changes in their scent was developed.

Dogs participating in the “olfactory mirror” test spent more time investigating their altered scent than their unaltered scent or the altering agent alone. The validity and relevance of this experiment is still being debated, but it shows further evidence that dogs are self-aware.

Final thoughts

Gauging animal intelligence and cognition is a challenging endeavor, and tests like the olfactory mirror show that researchers need to find approaches that test what is important to the animal being tested, not to humans. When tested, dogs seem to be self-aware in many ways, and the areas where they fail may be due to flaws with the testing method rather than their intelligence. After all, dog scientists would probably think most humans were pretty dumb if they tested our ability to track scents or know when an earthquake is coming.

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References

Dr. Bartley Harrison holding his dog

Dr. Bartley Harrison, DVM

Dr. Bartley Harrison, DVM is a small animal veterinarian based in North Carolina who has practiced emergency medicine since graduating from the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine. His primary interest areas include pain management, cardiology, and the treatment of shock.

He is a member of the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, American Veterinary Medical Association, and American Medical Writers Association. In addition to his clinical work, he writes pet health articles to help provide accurate information for both new and experienced pet parents. When he’s not working, he enjoys cooking, traveling, reading, and going on adventures with his dog.


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